Generations of computer architectural development. Generations of computers are brought significant changes in computer architectural develo...
Generations of computers
The generations of computers based on the architecture of computer (generations of computers 1st to 5th) are-
- First-generation
- Second generation
- Third generation
- Fourth generation
- Fifth-generation
First-generation
Vacuum tube-based (1946-1959)From the Generations of computers in the first generation for circuitry vacuum tubes are used. Magnetic drums were for memory. Were often enormous, taking up entire rooms.
These computers were very expensive to operate. Took a lot of electricity. A lot of heat was generated by the first computers. That was often the cause of malfunctions. Operators would take a lot of time for setting up a new problem. Punched cards and paper tape Input in computer systems. In the printouts, Output was displayed.
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| 1st generation of computer history |
The first generation of computers relied on machine language. Machine language is the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations. That could only solve one problem at a time.
Examples: The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers.
The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer that was delivered to a business client.
Second generation
Transistor-based (1959-1965)
From the Generations of computers in the second generation, Vacuum tubes were replaced by a transistor. In Bell Labs, the transistor was invented.
From the Generations of computers in the second generation, Vacuum tubes were replaced by a transistor. In Bell Labs, the transistor was invented.
But until the late 1950s, widespread use was not seen in computers. By transistor, some advantages were got like-
- Transistor was high qualified than vacuum tube
- It was allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper.
- By transistor computers becoming more energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.
After using the transistor less heat was created and damages became less than the first generation. Second-generation computers also relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output like the first generation.
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| Transistor-based second-generation computing |
Early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN were also being developed in the second generation of computer development. Those computers were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory.
We can say computers are moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. For the atomic energy industry, the first computers of the second generation were developed.
Third generation
Integrated Circuit based (1965-1971)
From the Generations of computer, the third generation of computers hallmark was the development of the integrated circuit. Transistors were miniaturized in that generation. Silicon chips were started to use. Those chips are called semiconductors. Semiconductors increased the speed and efficiency of computers.
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| CPU chip semiconductor |
Computers became smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. And that is why Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience.
Users interacted with third generation computers by keyboards and monitors and interfaced. It is by the operating system and gave up using punched cards and printouts.
Fourth generation
VLSI microprocessor-based (1971-1980)
From the Generations of computers, the fourth generation of computers was based on microprocessors. By microprocessor, thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single chip. The chip was built of silicon.
In 1971 the Intel 4004 chip was developed. That located all the components of the computer. From the central processing unit to input-output controls were under the chip.
IBM's first computer was introduced for the home user in 1981. In 1984 Macintosh was introduced by Apple. More everyday products began to use microprocessors.
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| Microprocessor |
IBM's first computer was introduced for the home user in 1981. In 1984 Macintosh was introduced by Apple. More everyday products began to use microprocessors.
Small computers became more powerful and that is why they could be linked together to form networks. Small computers eventually led to the development of the Internet.
The development of GUIs, the mouse, and handheld devices are also seen by Fourth generation computers.
Fifth-generation
ULSI microprocessor-based (1980-on wards)
From the Generations of computers, the base of the fifth generation of computers is Artificial intelligence. These are still in development.
Though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, face recognition that is being used today.
Artificial intelligence is getting the touch of reality by parallel processing and superconductors’ uses.
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| Artificial intelligence |
In the future, there is a big chance of getting a radical change from quantum computation and molecular and nanotechnology. The goal of the fifth generation of computer is
- Developing to develop the device which could respond to natural language input.
- Also making capable of learning and self-organization.
From these generations of computers, the architectural development world has got faster computers day by day and performances are better.
Know about computer architecture and computer organization.
Know about computer architecture and computer organization.
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